Question about ship modules

Hi everyone,
I noticed that you can perma lose equipment in battle, like turret, shield module, cannon and so on. Can some tell me when does this happens, in what situations, what modules can be perma destroyed and does this happens for certain ships or not?
Many thanks in advance

Hm...I am playing SP and I am finishing it, there is few missions left till the end and I had 3 different ships until the last one, the Bullpup Mk III. In previous 3, I had no problems, or I didn't noticed. Now, i took Bullpup fot the fun, trying Freighters to see the difference with VHF and I don't die, but after long fights, I get end up with few modules missing. Last things I was doing just for lolz, I get in massive fight against everyone in NY system, I was doing half hour fight against 20-30 ships of all kind, police, navy and then, in brake, when I went to dock, I saw shield module missing. Few hours before, in one of Dom'Kavash systems I've also end up with no turrets left. I didn't die.